The contemporary anti-crusade stance was set by Sir Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades (1951-1954) and popularized by a BBC/A&E documentary (1995). Most never occupied the land they gained from the Muslims. With the First Crusade beginning in 1095, the call went out from the Vatican for Christian nations to send soldiers to fight. Dante Alighieri and Francesco took part in this campaign. Fired with religious fervor, people of all ranks clamored to join in the righteous cause that God had willed. The Knights Templar was a large organization of devout Christians during the medieval era who carried out an important mission: to protect European travelers visiting sites in the Holy Land … The Second Crusade (1147 – 1149): Stirred by the new that the Christian County of Edessa had fallen to the Moslems, the French monk St. Bernard of Chairvaux called for another great expedition to the East. Although it was the most famous and colorful of all the military expeditions into the East, this Crusade, too, ended in failure. Gold coins were minted and letters of credit came into use for the convenience of the Crusaders. The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont. A Middle Ages Knights Armor was a complex series of garments, chain mail and iron plate. If you find yourself in this scenario, you probably won't bite the dust because you'll choke to death trying to drink it. By the ninth century, Muslims controlled much of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and occupied many Christian cities, including Jerusalem. "And lest we get on our high horse and think this is unique to some other place, remember that during the Crusades and the Inquisition, people committed terrible deeds in the name of Christ. The crusades also amplified Europeans’ ideas of the world. There were actually two Crusades during the late 1090s. By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as that of The Crusades 1096 – Amazing, Complete Facts & Guide, Third Crusade | 1189 – 1192 | Fascinating Crusade History, The Second Crusade – History of the Extraordinary 2nd Crusade. Peoples Crusade 1096 – Shocking and Tragic! The Supreme Military Order of the Jerusalem Temple and this website are a ministry of and wholly owned by Templar Church, http://TemplarChurch.org/, Click Here To Enter Knights Templar Discussion Forum, Richard The LionHeart & The Knights Templar, Facebook Stonewalls Questions on Take Down of KTOA Templar Page | Templar Banner News. MORE Only Knights Templar wore the cross. Among these, the Order of the Teutonic Knights was formed in the late 12th century while the other two were formed soon after the initiation of the Crusades at the beginning of the 12th century. The pathetic story of a band of German children lost in this terrible crusade may have inspired Robert Browning’s famous poem, “The Pied Piper of Hamelin”.Later Crusades: Most of the crusades, which followed accomplished little. Louis VII, King of France, and Conrad III, the German Emperor, led this crusade, which was to poorly manage that nothing was accomplished. Medieval knights and the Crusades thus became intertwined for a long time. Although some went for worldly gain, it was religious faith that inspired thousands upon thousands of these “soldiers of the Cross.” When the Crusades began, Europeans were still living in the so-called Dark Ages; before they were ended, the West stood upon the threshold of the modern era. The Crusades - What were the Crusades? Seventh Crusade 1248 | Failure of the 7th Crusade, Sixth Crusade Failure 1228 – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. In fact, many great saints supported the Crusades, including Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, and peace-loving Francis of Assisi. Alternatively, your … These Orders of knights who actively participated in the Crusades gave rise to the concept of holy warriors which was to remain in the imagination of Europe over the subsequent centuries. In the Muslim public imagination of today, the crusaders are remembered as medieval Christian barbarians who assaulted the Muslim world and slaughtered tens of thousands of innocent people before the Muslims could mount an effective jihad campaign to drive them away. The Third Crusade (1189 – 1191): In 1187 the great Moslem leader Saladin captured the Holy City with a huge Turkish army. How the Crusades Began: The Christians of Europe believed that pilgrimages to the Holy Land would guarantee the forgiveness of their sins and the healing of their sick bodies and souls. So let’s examine some of the myths propagated about the crusades. Richard the Lionhearted leading 3rd Crusade. Copyright Templar Church all Rights Reserved, 2014. Teutonic Knights and the Remarkable Teutonic Order! The Crusades encouraged Europeans to attempt to grow the crops and manufacture the products introduced from the East. Alexius the Byzantine Emperor, appealed to the Pope at Rome for aid. Although the above mentioned were the most popular orders of medieval knights, various other orders were also created including The Poor Knights of Christ, the Temple of Solomon, and the Knights of the Order of the Hospital of St John etc. This charge is contrary to the facts of history. Even many Muslim respected the ideals of the Crusaders. The Knights Templar was the model for many of these orders; it was founded to protect Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land. The Knights of St John were founded in 1023 to help ill or injured pilgrims. And their purposes also varied. Major groups included the French and German volunteers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and his brother Baldwin; Frenchmen under Raymond, Count of Toulouse, and Bishop Adhemar, the Pope’s legate; and Frenchmen and Normans under Bohemund and Tancred. The Crusades were in essence a defensive action against the spread of Islam by the sword. The warriors of the Crusades, from the late 1000s to mid-1200s, were a mix of peasants, soldiers, and knights, and their mix of weaponry reflected the means by which each could acquire arms. The Crusades are generally portrayed as a series of holy wars against Islam led by the power-hungry popes […] Growth from the Crusades: In weakening the feudal system, the Crusades stimulated the development of a new class of free farmers and townsmen. In the process they saw how other people lived and occasionally had their horizons widened. 2005). There are arrows flying across the entire battlefield, but I have never seen a knight holding a bow during a battle. He wrote, “Not only had the Byzantines lost most of their empire; the enemy was at their gates.” Hence, “the popes, like most Christians, believed war against the Muslims to be justified partly because the latter had usurped by force lands which once belonged to Christians and partly because they abused the Christians over whom they ruled and such Christian lands as they could raid for slaves, plunder and the joys of destruction (2).”, (1) Dr. Norman L. GeislerGeisler: The Crusades: Were they Justified? The developments were both beneficial and harmful. Crusade, A historian’s guide to the new war, (5) A.A. Grishin, Knights Templar Vault: Quote from al-Arabi About Christians in Palestine, http://knightstemplarvault.com/category/quotes/. The Crusades were the military campaigns sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church in the 11th century and aimed at liberating the holy land of Jerusalem from the Muslims. Medieval Castles – The Magnificent Medieval Castle! The Crusades were not wholly responsible for his progress, but none will deny that they hastened the development of our modern world. To finance the expeditions, the wealthy were taxed, and serfs were allowed to buy their freedom and sometimes the land on which they worked. Professor Rodney Stark is a case in point. If this is so, then why do most people today have a distorted view of the Crusades? By Prof. Thomas F. Madden Misunderstandings about the Crusades are very common. By the time European nobility had begun to look upon such imports as Oriental rugs and perfumes as essentials, the growing middle class of merchants and craftsmen was demanding the new foodstuffs, such as cane sugar, rice, garlic, and lemons, and textiles, such as muslin, silk, and satin, from the East, which naturally became less expensive as the shipments increased in size. Knights Templar. When the call was made for the First Crusade the plight of Palestinian Christians was continuously stressed by Pope Urban II and those who helped him preach the message. There was a series of Crusades that followed this first successful crusade. Catholic military orders appeared following the First Crusade. Crusades - Crusades - Crusade as metaphor: One of the most enduring though least-discussed results of the Crusades was the development of the word crusade (which first appeared in its Latin form in the late 12th or early 13th century) to denote any common endeavour in a worthy cause. Knights Templar Crusader Knights were fearless crusader knights who would fight to the death. Troops prayed and fasted before battles and praised God after them. Covered with the blood of massacred Turks, the victors knelt at the Holy Sepulcher, thus bringing to successful conclusion the only crusade to be motivated principally by religious zeal. 33, 248). Although the crusades failed to capture Jerusalem, they had several major impacts on Western Europe. The Crusades began in 1095 under the order of Pope Urban II to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. From Michael Haag’s “Tragedy of the Templars.” we learn that Al-Arabi, a distinguished Andalusian Muslim, says the following about Palestine: “The country is theirs [the Christians] because it is they who work its soil, nurture its monasteries and maintain its churches.” (5). During the Crusades, various religious armies were formed under the instructions of the Pope which were known as orders of the knights. During this period, interest in geography and navigation was tremendously stimulated; better maps were drawn; and more and more sea captains adopted the Arabs’ crude mariner’s compass and astrolabe. The Crusades gave rise to a number of religious military orders, including the Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights, and the Knights Templar. The principal feature of the military order is the combination of military and religious ways of life. These orders mainly consisted of monks who were called ‘knights of the Christ’. Western writers adapted many Oriental stories, and quantities of history, fiction, and combinations of the two gave the Crusades a permanent place in European literature. The Crusades were a group of religious wars during the medieval period. MORE Only Knights Templar wore the cross. Natural, too was the growth of towns and cities in this period. Various orders of these knights formed during these crusades and became particularly attractive because of the promise of heaven from the Pope. The Order was sanctioned by a Papal Bull of Pope Paschal II. They are also seen as medieval ancestors of modern Western colonialists and imperialists. Only recently has this negative attitude begun to be corrected. It is a common misconception that Medieval Knights conscripted half-starved peasants from the fields and told them to grab a pitchfork and follow there lords into battle. At a church council held at Clermont in southeastern France in November, 1095, Pope Urban II called upon the faithful to “take up the cross” in Christ’s behalf, rescue Christ’s Sepulcher from the infidels, and save the Christian Byzantine Empire. The larger galleys and sailing vessels built to carry Crusaders were also used to bring luxuries of the Orient to the courts of England and Scandinavia. A few Christian traders remained, but the day of the Crusader and the Western conqueror and settler was past. Peter the Hermit, who remained in Constantinople at this time, was one of the few members of the People’s Crusade who lived to reach the heart of the Holy Land. But most of these were deeply regretted and forgiveness was sought by Christians who participated in them. The Children’s Crusade (1212): This tragic expedition was made by bands of French and German children, who marched to Mediterranean ports, convinced that the sea would dry up and permit them to reach the Holy Land. (3) Thomas F. Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. The Sixth {1248 – 1254} and Seventh {1270} Crusades, led by the devout Louis IX of France, failed to liberate the Holy City, which remained in Moslem hands until World War I. Western gold was widely distributed through the purchase of supplies and Oriental wares. Thus the number of small landowners was increased, and the feudal system was weakened. Most of what passes for public knowledge about it is either misleading or incorrect. From the early 600’s Jerusalem was held by non-Christian Arabs ruling over … Native artisans learned from these innovations. At one point, the Muslims turned on the Christians, and in 1009 the Church of the Sepulcher was destroyed, only to be rebuilt with permission o… While the German army was crossing a river in Asia Minor, after the long overland march from the west, the aged Frederick was drowned. The modern distortion of the Crusades began with French humanist Voltaire (1694-1778) who abhorred Christianity (see his Philosophical Dictionary). The Knights Templar were elite warriors. Myth # 2: The Crusades were colonialist imperialists after booty and land. The “People’s Crusade” was a popular movement led by Peter the Hermit, a charismatic preacher who whipped crowds of believers into a religious frenzy as he passed through Western Europe recruiting for the crusade. On July 15, 1099 after six weeks of siege, the weak remnants of the Christian armies captured the Holy City of Jerusalem. It was usually in accord with the norms of war for that time. New military tactics and equipment, as well as chivalric traditions involving heraldry and tournaments, were introduced from the East. (4)  Dr. Bernard Lewis: Jihad vs. Christian control over the eastern shores of the Mediterranean was maintained. Of course, there were sins of overreactions by some Crusaders. One of the most fascinating eras of the medieval times in Europe was that of The Crusades. They were by no means in the minority even after Muslim invaders imposed their rule on the land, enforcing heavy taxation of the “infidels”, and sporadically resorting to outright violence. No such miracle occurred, and several shiploads of the children were carried into slavery in Turkish territories. In June 1098, they captured the city, only to be besieged in their turn by a powerful Turkish army. Many Europeans were attracted to the East, and three religious-military orders – the Knights of St. John {Hospitalers}, the Knights Templar, and the Teutonic Knights – were formed to defend and care for the pilgrims who streamed into the Holy Land. The Princes’ Crusade: Meantime, European princes, barons, and knights had been assembling and setting forth. They went out with a sense of duty to God. Leopold of Austria took his place. Then Richard quarreled with his hated French rival, and Philip returned to France. Often Eastern artists and craftsmen were imported to decorate the great double-walled stone castles, based on Eastern models, which the nobles of Europe erected. During the crusade, knights, peasants, and serfs from many regions of Western Europe travelled over land and by sea, first to Constantinople and then on toward Jerusalem. The real reasons, however, were political and economic in nature as the knights had accumulated considerable wealth during their invasions in the East. The Crusades 1095 – Awe-Inspiring History, Crusader Knights – 4 Magnificent Holy Warriors. These and other armies make up of wealthy nobles, humble monks, professional warriors, merchants, farm hands, vagabonds, and criminals, followed various routes to reach the common destination. In reality; The Knights called upon the classes of society that were able to buy weapons and armor so … Thus the Crusades helped to break down the barriers of ignorance and isolation. During the 14h century, various charges of heresy, sorcery, and sodomy were brought against the knights and the orders were disbanded. What is left out of the mod… It had to be tailor-made to fit the Knight exactly or the Knight ran the risk of an ill-fitting suit of armor hampering him in battle. Of course, people were killed, but it was not ruthless. Templar, also called Knight Templar, member of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, a religious military order of knighthood established at the time of the Crusades that became a model and inspiration for other military orders. Equipped with new knowledge and urged on by their desire for the fabled riches of the Orient, European navigators continued to seek better routes to the Far East until finally they not only sailed around Africa but also discovered the New World. At its beginning (c. 1119), the group consisted of eight or nine French knights who devoted themselves to protecting from … The Crusades, all of them, were in the first place an attempt to impose Orthodox Christianity via military force across a wide swath of territory, and second, the product of Christian contact with a militarily powerful, culturally self-confident, and economically expansionistic religious civilization. Subsequently, the knights of these orders actively participated in the Crusades till the end. They increased the authority of the king: Sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. Urban’s historic speech set in motion the whole crusading movement. The twist is that this was written on the eve of the First Crusade, because al-Arabi stayed in Jerusalem in the years 1093-1095. Good and bad from the Crusades: The Crusades played a prominent part in the exciting developments, which occurred in this period, although they were usually a cause, rather than the cause, of change. The crusades may be the most misunderstood event in European history. Similarly, the Order of the Knights Templar was formed in 1120 under the patronage of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Warmund. During the Crusades, various religious armies were formed under the instructions of the Pope which were known as orders of the knights. The fall of Acre in 1291 put an end to Christian rule in the Holy Land. Copyright - 2014 - 2021 - Medieval Chronicles. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'medievalchronicles_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_0',321,'0','0']));However, after intermittently continuing for over two centuries, the Crusades ended in failure in 1291. Howe… Myth # 3: When the crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099, they massacred ruthlessly. The Crusades of the Middle Ages were an almost continuous series of military-religious expeditions made by European Christians in the hope of wresting the Holy Land from the infidel Turks. Others did not. In the seventh century, this sacred territory fell under Islamic control. The war campaigns ranged from great triumphs to miserable defeats with the range of power shifting between the Muslims and the Christians. Both parties involved, Christians and Muslims, considered the surrounding sites of Jerusalem to be sacred. Peasants often had simple weapons — mostly tools used for agriculture — since they could not afford such luxuries of destruction. From the spring of 1096 through the spring of 1097 they traveled by land and by sea toward their goal. The history of medieval knights in the Crusades begins soon after the initiation of the Crusades. 60-62). Compared to the Seljuk Turks, the Egyptians … Medieval knights and the Crusades were closely linked as various orders of the Knights were formed during these wars. Many sold or mortgaged their own homes, most of which were not recouped. They were undertaken largely out of concern for fellow Christians in the East. Medieval knights and the Crusades eventually became the two interlinked institutions as the knights took active part in liberating the holy lands from the infidels. By the time European nobility had begun to look upon such imports as Oriental rugs and perfumes as essentials, the growing middle class of merchants and craftsmen was demanding the new foodstuffs, such as cane sugar, rice, garlic, and lemons, and textiles, such as muslin, silk, and satin, from the East, which naturally became less expensive as the shipments increased in size. Its leaders were the most powerful rulers of the West: the German Emperor Frederick I, called “Barbarossa” (Red Beard); Philip Augustus, King of France; and King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England. From the early 600’s Jerusalem was held by non-Christian Arabs ruling over a predominately Christian population. Knights did not always fight on behalf of the Christian religion, but during the Crusades they did. But wealth brought worldliness; the use of violence for a religious end and the association of religion with political and economic aggression troubled some thinking men; and the teachings of Byzantine philosophers weakened the faith of some Crusaders. The remainder perished, straggled back home, or wandered aimlessly around Europe. 2015,  http://www.normgeisler.com/articles/Ethics/CrusadesJustified.htm, (2) Rodney Stark, God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades (HarperOne, 2009), pp. The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of God’s Holy Warriors, Military Religious Orders of Middle Ages: The Hospitallers, The Templars, The Teutonic Knights and Others. By 1071, when the Seljuks, a less civilized and less tolerant tribe of Turks, captured the Holy City, the situation had changed. […] Medieval knights and the Crusades thus became intertwined for a long time. In the same period the Turks threatened to overwhelm the entire Byzantine Empire and then drive all Christians out of the East. Death and desertions sapped the strength of the Crusaders, and their morale collapsed; but the discovery of a spear, which they believed to be the one used to wound the crucified Christ, inspired them to rise up and overthrow the Turks. ‘ Various orders of these knights formed during these crusades and became particularly … Jerusalem was a hallowed shrine for them and for all other Moslems, as well as for Christians and Jews, the Arabs had not only let the pilgrims come and go at will but had also permitted Christians to settle and live peacefully in the Holy Land. The Pope pushed the German Emperor, Frederick II, into leading the Fifth Crusade {1228 – 1229}. During the Middle Ages nearly all Christians in Europe believed the Crusades were morally justified. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to describe a Moslem during the time of the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens. [Note that Riley-Smith uses the term "anonyma" to refer to a woman of unknown name and this write up does the same.] How the Crusades Began: The Christians of Europe believed that pilgrimages to the Holy Land would guarantee the forgiveness of their sins and the healing of their sick bodies and souls. Although Jerusalem passed into Christina hands as a result of a treaty obtained by Frederick, the Turks recaptured it in 1244. The daily life of Palestine prior to the First Crusaders depended entirely on its Christina population, not the elite and warrior classes of different Muslim  groups who were wrestling over control in the region (5). Ancient texts described this apocalypse, many of them spuriously attributed to the prophet Daniel or to Ka’b ibn al-Akhbar, a companion of the Prophet Muhamad. When this news reached Europe, the Third Crusade got under way. An army of knights followed, led by Godfrey of Bouillon (Frankish knight and another leader of the first Crusades), which massacred Muslims and captured Jerusalem in 1099. ‘. The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings' Crusade was an attempt by King Richard to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. Goods brought into Europe had to be distributed, and as trade increased, so did the towns and cities along the inland trade routes. But it was a precarious coexistence, depending on the leader of the Fatimids. During the later Crusades, serious differences arose between the three Orders which also damaged the position of the Christians in the Crusades. Some of them, like the Knights of St John and the Knights of St Thomas, also cared for the sick and poor. Popular ballads about the great expeditions provided the illiterate masses of Europe with both pleasure and information. The Crusades were not wholly responsible for his progress, but none will deny that they hastened the development of our modern world. After the death of Godfrey of Bouillon, who was made ruler of Jerusalem and named “Advocate of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher”, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established with Baldwin as its monarch in 1100. To the north other European princes set up the Christian states of Edessa, Tripoli, and Antioch. Contact with the East and new contacts among the various peoples of Europe led to the exchange of ideas, customs, and techniques. Cities that resisted were captured and subjugated to the captors, but inhabitants of cities that surrendered were not killed. We’ve all seen many movies from medieval times, the crusades and historical battles like Braveheart, Joan of arc, and many others. Children’s Crusade 1212 – The Weird, Confusing Crusade! This aspect of its work remains in the St John Ambulance, which is connected to the Order of St John. Eighth Crusade 1270 | Powerful Mamluk Massacre, Fifth Crusade 1217 – 1221 – Assault on Damietta, Frustrating Fourth Crusade 1202 | Famous Conquest of Constantinople. Trade and Commerce: During and after the Crusades trade between Italy and the ports at the eastern end of the Mediterranean were tremendously increased, and wealth was circulating as never before. From 1096 until nearly 1300, Crusaders, traveling in great armies, small bands, or alone, journeyed into the Orient to wage war against the Moslems, who had become a serious threat to Christianity. The Knights Armor in the Middle Ages The Knights Armor of the Middle Ages was extremely expensive to produce. Most were inspired by religious faith, but many sought adventure, opportunity, power, or wealth.The Crusaders began crossing over into Asia Minor in May 1097, and after a long and harrowing March, spent the winter outside mighty Antioch. For instance, the Order of the Knights Hospitaller was founded soon after the First Crusade in 1113 and was headed by Blessed Gerard. In some parts of Europe wealthy “merchant princes” arose to take the place of the many nobles who were killed in the Crusades or who settled permanently in the East; in France the monarchy was greatly strengthened by the waning of the nobles’ power. Some of the most popular of these orders were Knights Hospitaller, Knights Templar, and Teutonic Knights. The Church gained great wealth. Myth #1: The Crusades were wars of unprovoked aggression against a peaceful Muslim world minding its own business. A cross of red cloth worn upon the breast became the symbol of the departing Crusader {a word derived from the Latin crux, meaning cross}. As the crusaders arrived, they looked like something out of these prophecies. The Christians living in Jerusalem were allowed to coexist with the Egyptian Muslims (Fatimids-Arabs) and access to holy sites was permitted. According to The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, dehydration killed " as many as 500 " crusaders during the summer of 1097. Nevertheless, thousands of Crusaders, traveling singly or in small bands, continued moving into Asia Minor. Written when Islamic territory had been under attack by the Christians of B… Most Crusaders undertook the 2000 mile trek at great sacrifice of their own wealth. Medieval Swords – Great Swords of the Middle Ages. Although he was unable to recapture the Holy City, Richard, the only one of the three kings to continue the campaign, finally obtained a three year treaty in which Saladin agreed to permit Christians to visit the Holy Sepulcher without being disturbed. This criticism is overstated. After causing grave disturbances in the Byzantine capital, the peasants who had survived the terrible march across Europe pushed on into Asia Minor, where the Turks massacred them. Soon the Sacred Places were being desecrated and destroyed; Christian settlers were mistreated; and pilgrims were persecuted. These orders mainly consisted of monks who were called ‘knights of the Christ’. The Crusades are one of the most significant events in the history of Europe and the Middle East. Unfortunately, this was not so for Muslim exploiters who felt little remorse but looked to a future in Paradise as a reward for their endeavours in stomping out the infidels. As in Christian Europe, visions of a coming religious apocalypse were prominent in the minds of medieval Muslims. The Crusades were a series of religious wars, sanctioned by the Catholic Church, to take control of the Holy Land of Jerusalem (modern-day Israel) from the ruling Muslim Caliphate during the Middle Ages. The cross is a symbol of Christianity. A large number of nuns are believed to have traveled to the Holy Land during the Crusades, but only three are known from the First Crusade, and for only one of these do we know a name. Knights did not always fight on behalf of the Christian religion, but during the Crusades they did. What is sometimes not realized is that Christians have been living in Palestine continuously from the earliest days of Christianity. They were members of the religious military order of knighthood established during the Crusades. However, the people who surrendered most often retained their property and worshiped freely (see SALVO, issue 27 [Winter, 2013], pp. The English and French Crusaders reached the Holy Land by ship and liberated the Christian city of Acre {July 1191}, which the Turks had been besieging for almost two years.
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